This paper aims at understanding the concept of convention in mechanics as a notion transferred from the field of jurisprudence. This enables us to clarify it as a new epistemic category having a pertinent role in the transformation of mechanics in the nineteenth century. Such understanding permits a separation from linguistic and arbitrary conventions, thus highlighting its epistemic features and not transforming fundamental principles into mere arbitrary agreements. After addressing the main references in the literature discussing the role of convention (...) in mechanics, we analyze its classical use as a concept originating from law. Then we explain its use by Carl G. Jacobi, Ferdinand F. Reech, and J. Henri Poincaré. Here we also show how their uses conform to the features analyzed regarding conventions in jurisprudence. Finally, we try to explain how the use of this concept, among other factors, contributed to the transformation of mechanics. (shrink)

In the introduction to his famous book, La Science et l’hypothèse, Poincaré remarks on the necessary role and legitimacy of hypotheses. He establishes a triple classification of hypotheses, dividing them into verifiable, useful, and apparent. However, in chapter 9, entitled ‘Les hypothèses en physique’, he gives a slightly different triadic classification: natural hypotheses, indifferent hypotheses, and real generalizations. The origin of this second classification is a lecture given at the International Congress of Physics, Paris, 1900. What are the similarities and (...) differences between these two classifications? My main purpose is to provide a possible equivalence between the two classifications in order to clarify the role of hypotheses in Poincaré’s epistemology of natural science. The discussion will be based on the two fundamental texts mentioned above and on the contrast between Poincaré’s use of the notion of hypothesis and that of some of his contemporaries. (shrink)

Este artículo comenta una conferencia de Louis de Broglie de 1952 en la que se replantea sus ideas iniciales sobre la mecánica cuántica. Defenderemos la tesis de que, en ese trabajo, pese a la referencia al indeterminismo, el objetivo del físico francés es presentar una interpretación causal de esta teoría y no poner de manifiesto su indeterminismo. Así, analizaremos la noción de causalidad que presenta con el objetivo de separarla del determinismo. Estructuraremos la noción presentada por de Broglie en tres (...) partes y la conexión entre las mismas. Para separar causalidad de determinismo utilizaremos una definición no restrictiva de esta noción y presentaremos los problemas que tiene la noción de causalidad utilizada por de Broglie. Finalmente, defenderemos una interpretación de las ideas de de Broglie más como una concepción filosófica que científica y ofreceremos alternativas filosóficas a la misma. (shrink)

The controversy between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry arose new philosophical and scientific insights which were relevant to the later development of natural science. Here we want to consider Poincaré and Helmholtz’s positions as two of the most important and original ones who contributed to the subsequent development of the epistemology of natural sciences. Based in these conceptions, we will show that the role of philosophy is still important for some aspects of science.

Muita da literatura sobre a filosofia da ciência de Poincaré tem estado focada na noção de convenção, um conceito crucial que identifica a sua posição. No entanto, há outras noções que têm recebido menos atenção. Este é o caso das hipóteses verificáveis. Este tipo de hipótese parece ser constituído a partir da generalização de vários fatos observáveis. Assim, para compreender o que são estas hipóteses, temos de saber o que é um fato para Poincaré. Ele divide fatos em brutos e (...) científicos. A caracterização desta dualidade não é de tudo trivial, e nos leva às seguintes questões que discutiremos neste artigo: (1) qual a parte de construção que existe num fato científico e qual a parte de tradução? Isto é, o que permanece do fato bruto no fato científico? E (2) quando concebemos uma hipótese generalizada, a generalização é feita a partir dos fatos científicos ou dos fatos brutos? A clarificação destas questões pode levar a distinguir a parte de construção e a parte de tradução desde os primeiros passos da ciência, o que é essencial para conseguir uma melhor compreensão da concepção de ciência de Poincaré. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to argue that there existed relevant interactions between mechanics and geometry during the first half of the nineteenth century, following a path that goes from Gauss to Riemann through Jacobi. By presenting a rich historical context we hope to throw light on the philosophical change of epistemological categories applied by these authors to the fundamental principles of both disciplines. We intend to show that presentations of the changing status of the principles of mechanics as (...) a mere epiphenomenon of the emergence of non-Euclidean geometries are inaccurate, that the relations between the two disciplines were richer than what is usually considered in the literature. These claims will be based on historical and philosophical arguments, starting from the fact that disciplinary boundaries at the time were not rigid as we are used today. It is widely known that the main figures we target worked in different areas, which is a first piece of evidence for the plausibility of our main thesis. (shrink)

Much of the focus on Poincaré’s philosophy of science has been on the notion of convention, a crucial concept that has become distinctive of his position. However, other notions have received much less attention. That is the case of verifiable hypotheses. This kind of hypotheses seems to be constituted from the generalization of several observable facts. So, in order to understand what these hypotheses are, we need to know what a fact to Poincaré is. He divides facts into brute and (...) scientific facts. The characterization of this duality is not trivial at all, and leads us to the following questions that we will discuss in this paper: which the part of construction that exists in a scientific fact and which the part of translation, that is, what remains from the brute fact in the scientific one?; and when we conceive a generalized hypothesis, are we supposed to do it from scientific or from brute facts? The clarification of these questions could lead to distinguish the part of construction and the part of translation in the first steps of science, which is essential to get a better understanding of Poincaré’s conception of science. (shrink)

Poincaré’s conventionalism has been interpreted in many writings as a philosophical position emerged by reflection on certain scientific problems, such as the applicability of geometry to physical space or the status of certain scientific principles. In this paper I would like to consider conventionalism as a philosophical position that emerged from Poincaré’s scientific practice. But not so much from dealing with scientific problems, as from the use of two specific methodologies proper to modern mathematics and the modern natural sciences: methodological (...) structuralism and the hypothetical-deductive method—thus, as a philosophical position which emerged from a way (or rather, two ways) ofdoingscience. With this approach, I try to deepen the analysis of connections between Poincaré’s scientific practice and his philosophy. (shrink)

Guest Editors’ introduction to the Monographic Section.

We focus on the literature about UBI and the experiments developed all around the world to test it in order to address how UBI implementation could affect entrepreneurship. Building on these findings and various strands of entrepreneurial theory, we develop a theoretical framework to explain how the implementation of UBI would dramatically change the environment of entrepreneurial activity, shaping entrepreneurial action at three levels: (i) the desirability of becoming an entrepreneur; (ii) the perceived feasibility of becoming an entrepreneur; (iii) the (...) propensity to act. Consequently, UBI implementation would arguably facilitate the decision to become an entrepreneur. The contribution of the paper is threefold. It firstly provides a theoretical framework that opens new directions for further research on the relationship between UBI and entrepreneurship. Secondly, it offers new insights for policy makers by shedding light on potential effects of UBI implementation. Finally, it raises further questions that remains unsolved related to the role of non-pecuniary motivations and financial constraints. (shrink)

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion.

Mathematical Knowledge and the Interplay of Practices. By Ferreirós José.

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion.

Henri Poincaré’s philosophy of science has been widely studied and has been related to other important scientific and philosophical figures such as Einstein, Hilbert, Helmholtz, Duhem, and even Bergson. Poincaré refers to many people in his works, but there is one name that appears repeatedly in his texts, in particular when he develops his general views on the value of science. That is Édouard Le Roy. There is a lack of secondary sources on Le Roy’s work and, when compared to (...) Poincaré, references are usually given to Poincaré’s interpretation of his works and not to Le Roy himself. When writing on the value of science, Poincaré structures his discourse as a reply to Le Roy’s views. This paper aims at clarifying why it was so important for Poincaré to reply to Le Roy. To do that, we will discuss the figure of Le Roy in the context of the time, his philosophy (which he called nouveau positivisme), and the relation between Poincaré’s philosophical position and Le Roy’s. This will make Le Roy’s work more familiar to contemporary audiences but will also clarify some controversial aspects in Poincaré’s position. (shrink)

Embora a logica seja, de urn modo geraJ, concebida como um ramo da filosofia, suas aplic~oes via muito alem dos limites de qualquer disciplina isoladamente considerada (SALMON, 1993). Seu papel principal e fomecer meios para determinar a rel~o de consequencia que vige entre as premissas e a conclusao de urn dado argumento. Dentre as tecnicas utilizadas que possibihtarn garantir esta rel~o destaca-se a tecnica por redu ¢oao absurdo por ser amplamente aplicada nas cienciasdesde a antiguidade. Suaideiabasics residenofatodequeumapropo si~ nio pode (...) ser verdadeira se dela deduzimos uma contradi ~o. Pretende-se, entio, apresentar a estrutura logica de tal tee niea de demonstracao a partir de urn dado sistema formal da logica classica. (shrink)

This paper employs network theory, mining data and bibliometric analysis when mapping the scientific contribution of Nobel Prize candidate; Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, the first and most renowned Mexican physicist and important figure in Latin American science. Vallarta died in 1977, and the existing literature is about his life and contributions to science but not about how those are still valuable today. This paper is the first to highlight, with mapping tools, that his contributions are relevant to the international community of (...) cosmic rays, quantum mechanics and relativity. These tools delivered three findings: Identify how he built his own field of study, same as universal knowledge. Unveil that the backward and forward Vallarta citations follow a scale-free network distribution. Determine social factors that benefited or affected his scientific activities—such as World War II interrupting Vallarta’s successful productivity at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Furthermore, this study confirmed the interdisciplinary nature of the mapping studies of the scientist's contributions using scientometric tools. As a result, several interesting questions arose throughout our research, some of which were answered from the history and philosophy of science. However, others need to be analyzed by experts in the fields of Vallarta. Mapping research sends an invitation to interdisciplinary dialogue/research between experts in different areas of study to better understand the process of knowledge production both, individual and collective. (shrink)

Embora a logica seja, de urn modo geraJ, concebida como um ramo da filosofia, suas aplic~oes via muito alem dos limites de qualquer disciplina isoladamente considerada (SALMON, 1993). Seu papel principal e fomecer meios para determinar a rel~o de consequencia que vige entre as premissas e a conclusao de urn dado argumento. Dentre as tecnicas utilizadas que possibihtarn garantir esta rel~o destaca-se a tecnica por redu ¢oao absurdo por ser amplamente aplicada nas cienciasdesde a antiguidade. Suaideiabasics residenofatodequeumapropo si~ nio pode (...) ser verdadeira se dela deduzimos uma contradi ~o. Pretende-se, entio, apresentar a estrutura logica de tal tee niea de demonstracao a partir de urn dado sistema formal da logica classica. (shrink)

“El museo en camino” nace de la reflexión colectiva de un grupo interdiciplinar de mujeres artistas, docentes y arquitectas sobre arte, educación e infancia. El objetivo es difundir los valores artísticos, culturales y sociales del Camino de Santiago y presentar el patrimonio gallego del Museo de Pontevedra a niñas y niños de pequeñas poblaciones del camino Portugués. Para ello se diseña un recurso pedagógico, el museo portátil, acercando una experiencia museística y de experimentación plástica. Como registro y práctica final evaluativa (...) se monta una exposición didáctica. (shrink)

Livro-texto de introdução à lógica, com (mais do que) pitadas de filosofia da lógica, produzido como uma versão revista e ampliada do livro Forallx: Calgary. Trata-se da versão de 13 de outubro de 2022. Comentários, críticas, correções e sugestões são muito bem-vindos.

Taller, estudio, laboratorio, fábrica… el espacio de trabajo del artista ha ido tomando diversos nombres, asumiendo diferentes formas y configuraciones. Pero en esencia se trata de un espacio funcional donde cada artista crea y produce su obra. Es un contexto altamente simbólico, activo y performativo, un lugar ideal para la ejecución de acciones y procesos en los que explorar la fenomenología del medio como un espacio educacional.“Espacio de artista” es un proyecto artístico-pedagógico que toma el estudio o taller en tanto (...) que mediador de la experiencia artística dentro del XXII Salón del libro Infantil e Xuvenil de Pontevedra. (shrink)

In Greek inscriptions on cult foundations and regulations from the Hellenistic period onwards it is possible to see the development of an especial religious discourse that includes ancient and new hymnic elements, in addition to new topoi that do not belong to the Hymn tradition. This new religious discourse develops incorporating new features of Greco-Roman religion, strongly influenced by oriental cults, and at the same time well aware of the new philosophical trends that very much pervaded religion at this time. (...) Some sacred inscriptions from the third century BC onwards show precedents of elements well attested in the sacred literary prose of the second century AD. In this paper, the main topoi that constitute this new religious discourse will be analyzed looking specifically at the topoi concerning the founder of the sacred institution or norms, the god or gods worshipped and the worshippers, and also the topoi concerning the content of the foundation norms and the resources used to force the observance of the norms. (shrink)

It is relevant to interpret the perception that students with disabilities, teachers, and managers have about an inclusive educational program, to identify and describe the facilitators and barriers during the training of those students; analyze the relevance of the inclusive program from the perceptions of the participating actors; and assess the program's supports from the perception of students with disabilities. This is a mixed investigation of sequential design and phenomenological approach carried out through surveys and in-depth interviews with the actors.

Este artigo é parte de uma pesquisa de Mestrado em Ciências Ambientais que investigou “A relação mulher-natureza na Comunidade Remanescente do Quilombo de Fojo, Itacaré – BA”, através da abordagem descritiva e análise quantitativa e qualitativa de dados, buscando aprofundamento teórico para tratar de relações de gênero, gênero e meio ambiente e a importância do papel da mulher na organização cotidiana das comunidades tradicionais, inclusive de remanescentes de quilombos. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram mulheres e homens da Comunidade de Fojo (...) que decidiram pela participação, utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação direta e sistemática e conversas informais, em profundidade, realizadas entre 2014-2015. O recorte aqui apresentado tem por objetivo discutir o papel da mulher na comunidade do quilombo de Fojo e sua relação com a natureza. Os resultados indicam relações desiguais entre homens e mulheres na comunidade, às mulheres têm sido designado papel/posição, modos de cuidar da família, ficam responsáveis em “trazer harmonia e paz para o lar”, “cuidar e ser dona de casa”, cabendo a elas a área pertencente a do privado – a casa, alguns serviços na roça e a participação na igreja evangélica, deixando a tradição esquecida. A relação mulher-natureza, ao que parece, indica práticas agrícolas equivocadas e, ao que tudo indica, o conhecimento dos moradores sobre a agricultura ainda é tímido, demonstram fragilidades de técnicas empregadas, falta recursos à implementação de ferramentas adequadas, ausência de assistência técnica especializada e conhecimentos por parte dos produtores de técnicas básicas de produção. Palavras-chave: Relação Mulher-Natureza. Mulher Quilombola. Sustentabilidade. (shrink)

La maternidad subrogada constituye uno de los temas más controvertidos entre los muchos de esta índole que afectan al uso y disposición del cuerpo de la mujer. Razones de índole ética, sociológica y jurídica convergen para argumentar a favor y en contra de una práctica que, queramos o no, se halla cada vez más extendida. Al igual que sucede en otros temas relacionados con el cuerpo femenino, como el aborto o la prostitución, las diferentes posturas están cada vez más distanciadas (...) y los márgenes para alcanzar puntos de encuentro resultan demasiado estrechos. Estamos convencidas de que el primer deber académico es huir de una neutralidad simple que a todos contente; pronunciarse con argumentos es la tarea que nos corresponde y el que, a sabiendas del riesgo que corremos y de que nuestra postura tampoco puede ser definitiva, este trabajo pretende. (shrink)

Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, entre octubre de 2015 y junio de 2016, en la Casa de Abuelos No. 2 de Santa Clara con el objetivo de caracterizar la representación social de la sexualidad de los adultos mayores. Se seleccionó una muestra de 24 adultos mayores. Se utilizaron técnicas como: observación, entrevista, debate grupal, asociación de palabras, de cuestionamiento del núcleo central y la triangulación de datos. Como resultados se determinó que en la representación de la sexualidad se observó un (...) campo estructurado y un contenido que se aleja de su significado. Se concluyó que la representación social de la sexualidad de los adultos mayores se identificó con las relaciones sexuales, con el acto sexual. Las informaciones que poseen carecen de calidad y denotan un carácter prejuiciado y estereotipado. Manifestaron actitudes de rechazo hacia la sexualidad lo que se explicó por: el desconocimiento, la inadecuada relación entre sexualidad y reproducción, la existencia de prejuicios sociales y asociar el envejecimiento con la enfermedad. With the aim of characterizing the social representation of sexuality in senior citizens, a qualitative research was carried out from October 2015 to June 2016 in Grandparents House No. 2 in Santa Clara City. A sample of 24 people was selected. Methods such as observation, interview, group debate, words association, central core questioning technique and data triangulation were used. It was determined that in the representation of sexuality there is a structured field and a content that goes away from its meaning. Social representation of sexuality in senior citizens was identified with sexual relationships and with sexual intercourse. They lack quality information and show a prejudiced and stereotyped character. They expressed rejection attitudes towards sexuality which were based on: ignorance, inadequate connection between sexuality and reproduction, existence of social prejudice and association of aging with disease. (shrink)

La técnica de danza colectiva Contact Improvisation surgió hace casi medio siglo en Nueva York como una alteración de los códigos de contacto y de las jerarquías coreográficas; desde las primeras décadas de su desarrollo -ideológico, pedagógico o estético-, se viene produciendo una compleja discusión en torno al género. En este trabajo se analizan las distintas perspectivas del debate que se articulan en lo que se puede considerar la revista fundacional, Contact Quarterly: el cuestionamiento de la masculinidad, las ideas de (...) neutralización y de minimización de lo sexual y varios enfoques feministas entre los que se puede incluir la teoría queer. Más que en la definición de cada una de las posiciones, nos detenemos en la observación crítica de las paradojas, tensiones y puntos de encuentro que se van reflejando en la práctica y van tejiendo una fecunda red discursiva. (shrink)

Obituario de nuestro compañero Rogelio Rubio.

Este artigo tem por objetivo comentar os dois primeiros números do documento da Conferência de Medellín que tratam especificamente dos temas justiça e paz. Diante do contexto em que vivemos e, sobretudo, dos gritantes sinais de injustiça social e conflitos que assolam o nosso continente causando violência e miséria, faz-se necessário refletir e buscar caminhos que contribuam para a construção de uma sociedade justa e fraterna. Desejamos com este trabalho abrir pistas de reflexão que nos ajudem a tomar consciência do (...) nosso papel de cristãos comprometidos com o evangelho da justiça e da paz. (shrink)

Resumen: En este trabajo se indaga en las respuestas que Miguel de Unamuno ofrece al problema de la conciencia de ser como parte esencial de la construcción biográfica. A partir de algunas de sus obras más representativas pero, sobre todo, a través la más genuinamente existencialista, Del sentimiento trágico de la vida, tratamos de esclarecer los códigos argumentales sobre los que Unamuno desarrolla, a veces abruptamente, las ideas de memoria, intimidad o mismidad así como las tribulaciones que estas le provocan (...) respecto de dos de los ámbitos doctrinales que más le definen como filósofo: la doctrina del hombre de carne y hueso y la doctrina de la inmortalidad. Constatamos cómo ambas doctrinas, singularmente construidas a partir de la noción de conciencia encarnada, se resuelven a través de la conciencia de singularidad y esta, a su vez, como volición de pervivencia corpórea.: In this work, the answers that Miguel de Unamuno offers to the problem of the consciousness of being as an essential part of the biographical construction are explored. From some of his most representative works but, above all, through the most genuinely existentialist, Del sentimiento trágico de la vida, we try to clarify the argumentative codes on which Unamuno develops, sometimes abruptly, the ideas of memory, intimacy or sameness, as well as the tribulations that these provoke him with regard to two of the doctrinal areas that most define him as a philosopher: the doctrine of man in flesh and bone and the doctrine of the immortality of the flesh. We note how both doctrines, uniquely constructed from a notion of incarnate consciousness, are resolved as a volition of corporeal survival. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo constituye un acercamiento a la noción de cuerpo en el pensador español José Ortega y Gasset, sobre todo, en lo que aquel tiene de motivo en sus indagaciones fenomenológicas sobre la socialidad. A partir del análisis de los textos más representativos de la sociología y la antropología orteguianas, se pone de relieve que el cuerpo no es un elemento aislado ni esporádico sino, más bien, un elemento mediador de lo más representativo de su pensamiento.: This article is (...) an approach to the notion of the body in Spanish philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset, especially with regard to its relation to his phenomenological inquiry into sociality. From the analysis of Ortega's most representative texts on sociology and anthropology, it is shown that the body is not an isolated or sporadic element in his writing, but rather a mediating element that is most representative of his thought. (shrink)

This article presents our experience as a multidisciplinary team systematizing and analyzing the transcripts from a large-scale (1.775 conversations) series of conversations about Chile’s future. This project called “Tenemos Que Hablar de Chile” [We have to talk about Chile] gathered more than 8000 people from all municipalities, achieving gender, age, and educational parity. In this sense, this article takes an experiential approach to describe how certain interdisciplinary methodological decisions were made. We sought to apply analytical variables derived from social science (...) theories and operationalize them through modern linguistics to guide a more theoretically informed natural language processing. The analysis was divided into three stages: (1) a descriptive analysis adapting descriptions of computational grounded theory, (2) a futurization analysis operationalizing concepts from futures studies, and (3) an argumentative analysis operationalizing concepts from argumentation theory. Overall, our methodological experimentation shed light on potential learnings for integrating a multidisciplinary perspective on NLP analysis with sensitive social content. Firstly, we developed a strategy for translation of knowledge based on the construction of what we called "analytical categories” in which a normative expectation or descriptive dimension was identified in the body of literature, operationalized through linguistics, and programmed in Python or R. Ultimately, we seek to reflect on the importance interdisciplinarity not only as means to find new analysis ideas but rather, to incorporate the critical, political and epistemological points of view to understand analysis as complex socio-technical processes. (shrink)

Dias de Nietzsche em Turim de Bressane / Dias / Miguel Angel de Barrenechea -- A atopia potente de Antonio das Mortes: pensamento original e perspectiva histórica / Rodrigo Guéron -- Dioniso é Brasileiro? / Selda Engelman -- Theatrum Mundi: Filosofia e canção / Olgária Chaim Matos -- Uma filosofia do amor em Cartola / Rosa Dias -- Música e diferença: uma crítica à escuta "desinteressada" do cotidiano / Samuel Araújo -- As estruturas dualísticas dos cantos ritualísticos dos Índios Karajá: (...) um reflexão sob a ótica filosófica de fundamentação nietzchiana / Suely Brígido -- Choque de intensidade na ética / Luiz B.L. Orlandi -- Por um filosofia artístico-rizomática da leitura / Daniel Lins -- Nietzsche, a negatividade e a antropofagia: do Cordeiro e da Ave da Rapina ao Jabuti / Maria Cristina Franco Ferraz -- Entre o teatro e a loucura: uma experiência de "esquizocenia" / Peter Pál Pelbart --. (shrink)